One of the functions of pre-winter management of overwintering crops is to cultivate strong seedlings or increase nutrient reserves of the tree body through appropriate fertilization and irrigation, and to lay a foundation for growth and development in the next year, which can play the role of two seasons in one season or two years in one year; Second, the winter is cold and the weather is changeable. Crops, especially the winter wheat crops and fruit trees that are prosperous in winter, are prone to frost damage. Through proper protective measures, these crops can be safely passed through winter. Third, winter diseases and pests are dormant or dormant, and they are cleared by deep plowing. The host and spraying of pesticides can prevent pests and diseases.

Winter wheat topdressing and irrigation techniques Before the start of wintering (the daily average temperature of 0°C) in winter wheat, the main objective of the field management is to ensure the safe wintering of wheat and create favorable conditions for normal spring return and growth in the spring. For example, if the seedlings are strong before winter and there are no shortages of fertilizers, they will not be able to water and fertilize in the next year, so as to avoid the decrease in soil temperature caused by irrigation, which is beneficial to turning green wheat.

Apple Integrated Pest Control Technology Apples, pears and other northern fruit orchards must be controlled before the winter on the basis of autumn basal fertilizers: deep orchard turnover. It is usually carried out in early November to thicken the living soil, promote new roots, and increase the vitality of the roots; it also kills the pests that have been used to winterize in the soil by deep tumbling. Branch pruning: After harvesting, all the shoots that have not stopped growing and late shoots will be picked up; branches, dense branches, cross branches, and unusable legume branches will be cut or shortened to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. , reducing nutrients without loss. Clear Garden: To completely clean up the orchard and eliminate the overwhelming source of insects during the dormant period of fruit trees. At the same time, the diseased fruit, diseased shoots and fallen leaves in the garden were cleared and burned or buried deeply. Chemical control: After the garden is cleared, the entire garden is sprayed with an eradicating agent to eliminate the remaining pests on the branches. Before the leaves of the fruit trees fall into the soil, prepare a whitening agent to brush the trunk and main branches to reduce or avoid the fruit trees. Freeze damage, eliminate overwintering pests in trunk split skin joints.

Citrus freezing injury prevention and control technology Citrus is a southern evergreen fruit tree, which is more vulnerable to frost damage or ice and snow than the northern deciduous fruit trees. In severe cases, orange trees are covered with snow and ice, branches are broken, and leaves are curled; young fruit trees and grafted parts are more vulnerable to freezing temperatures and freezing snow. It is necessary to start comprehensive prevention and control from pre-winter prevention and post-ice and snow control. Irrigation: Irrigate water 7 to 10 days before freezing to increase soil moisture, stabilize water and maintain soil temperature. Cultivate soil: pick earth or take soil from outside the garden, cover the roots of the trees and trunks near the ground, and cover and sap the young trees; the nursery should be covered with straw and a film. Wrap the trunk: The big tree shall be painted with lime evenly on the main stem and the base of the main branch, and use straw, etc. to wrap the trunk, and then add a layer of film on the outside to prevent freezing and freezing. Smoke: In the evening when the snow is suddenly sunny, smoke piles are evenly distributed in the orangery, and the leaves, weeds, straw, etc. are smoked to prevent frost after snow.

Comprehensive management The above technologies are all aimed at the characteristics of different overwintering crops, and production requires comprehensive management. For example, for winter wheat, it is necessary not only to fertilize and water before winter, but also to promote the combination of control and build a reasonable population. For the rice buckwheat in the Yangtze River basin, we must also dig “Three Ditches” to strengthen field drainage. Winter rape must not only be treated with wax but also be managed separately according to the situation of the seedlings. Weak seedlings should be promoted with weak fertilizers, and Wang Miao should be controlled. Fertilizer to prevent premature bolting; For apples, pears, citrus and other fruit trees, not only to prevent ice and snow disasters and diseases and insect pests, but also through the autumn base fertilizer and appropriate irrigation of winter water, promote root growth, strengthen the tree nutrient reserve for the next year High-yielding lays the foundation. In short, we must seize key technologies and carry out comprehensive management.

Enzyme

The production and quality of enzyme preparations produced by plants are unstable due to the influence of growth area, season, climate, etc. The enzymes produced by animals are mainly extracted from the glands of slaughtered livestock, and the source is limited; only enzymes produced by microorganisms can meet the needs of any scale, with high yield and stable quality. Microbial enzyme preparations can not only replace the main types of animal and plant enzyme preparations with the same performance, but also produce high-temperature-amylases that act as catalysts at 100°C and detergent proteases that act at pH 10-12. In the 1940s, the microbial enzyme preparation industry developed rapidly. At present, the production of enzyme preparations is mainly based on deep fermentation, supplemented by semi-solid fermentation, and the ability of the strains to produce enzymes has also been greatly improved. The immobilized enzyme and immobilized cell technology developed in the 1960s and 1970s enabled the enzyme to be used repeatedly and continuously reacted, and its scope of application was also expanded. At present, in addition to the food and textile industries, microbial enzyme preparations are also used in daily chemistry, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, feed, papermaking, building materials, biochemistry, clinical analysis and other aspects, becoming an important sector of the fermentation industry.

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