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Cow reproductive disorders and treatment
The occurrence of reproductive issues in dairy cows requires timely and scientific analysis to ensure effective management and long-term herd health. For instance, if a cow exhibits an estrus interval shorter than 17 days or longer than 24 days, or if it is over 14 months old without showing estrus, or has not shown estrus for more than 60 days, or has failed to conceive after three artificial inseminations, or if a cow remains non-pregnant for five months post-calving without any seasonal cause, these situations demand immediate investigation and targeted interventions.
Firstly, nutritional imbalances can significantly impact fertility. Proper feeding strategies are essential, with different rations provided based on the cow's life stage. However, in practice, dry cows may be overfed, while postpartum or high-lactation cows might suffer from excessive moisture intake, leading to nutritional deficiencies. Regular body condition scoring throughout the breeding cycle helps monitor this. Using a five-point scale, dry cows should maintain a score between 3.5 and 3.75, while peak lactation cows should stay between 3.0 and 3.5.
Secondly, heat stress can severely affect reproductive performance. When temperatures exceed 26°C, cows struggle to dissipate heat, which can reduce both milk production and fertility. To mitigate this, proper ventilation, cooling systems, and water spraying should be implemented during hot periods to keep cows comfortable and productive.
Thirdly, perinatal infections are a major concern. Effective pre- and post-calving care is crucial in preventing issues such as early puberty, stillbirths, and infections that lead to infertility. Poor hygiene in housing areas, delayed uterine recovery, and retained placenta can result in secondary infections like endometritis, which may prolong the postpartum period or cause infertility. In severe cases, these infections can progress to septicemia, even leading to death.
It is vital to accurately diagnose reproductive challenges before taking action. If necessary, blood tests to assess hormone levels should be conducted. Only with proper diagnosis can reproductive hormones or medications be used effectively; blind administration of such treatments can worsen the situation and lead to further complications. A comprehensive and science-based approach is key to maintaining the reproductive health of dairy herds.