Sexual maturity refers to the age at which lambs first show signs of estrus, marking the onset of puberty. At this stage, secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop, and the animals are capable of producing mature gametes—sperm in males and eggs in females—and can reproduce. However, it is not advisable to breed them immediately after reaching sexual maturity. For Boer goats, females typically reach puberty between 6 to 8 months of age, while their weight reaches about 40% to 60% of their adult size. Rams may start showing sexual behavior as early as 4 months, such as mounting or attempting to mate, but they are still physically immature. Breeding too early can negatively affect both the parents and the offspring's growth and development. Therefore, it is recommended that Boer goat females be bred after 10 months of age, and rams after 12 months.

Second, estrus

Boer goats are seasonal breeders with a clear estrus cycle. Puberty usually occurs between 6 to 8 months, and estrus is most active during spring and autumn when temperatures are moderate and feed is abundant. Estrus is rare in summer. The estrus cycle typically lasts 19 to 24 days, averaging 21 days, with each estrus lasting 24 to 48 hours. Ovulation usually occurs 30 to 40 hours after the start of estrus. Ewes that are nursing may come into estrus 7 to 10 days after weaning. Typical signs of estrus include excitement, vocalization, tail wagging, frequent urination, mounting other ewes, loss of appetite, and swelling and redness of the genital area. Mucus may also be secreted from the vagina. Abnormal estrus can occur due to poor nutrition, improper management, or sudden environmental changes. Common types include:

1. Quiet estrus: Ewes show no obvious behavioral signs, but their ovaries still ovulate due to normal estrogen levels.

2. Short estrus: The estrus period is very brief, making it easy to miss the breeding window.

3. Intermittent estrus: The ewe shows prolonged estrus with periods of rest, often seen in undernourished ewes during early spring.

Third, estrus detection

Estrus detection is a critical part of Boer goat breeding. Accurate identification ensures timely mating or artificial insemination, reducing the risk of missed breeding and improving conception and kidding rates. Three main methods are commonly used:

1. External observation: This is the most common method. Observing the ewe’s behavior and physical signs, such as excitement, reduced eating, loud noises, tail movement, and swollen, red genitalia with mucus discharge, can indicate estrus.

2. Vaginal examination: A more precise method involves using an opener to examine the vaginal mucosa, secretions, and cervix. The ewe is secured, the vulva cleaned, and the opener lubricated before being gently inserted. If the vaginal lining appears reddened, moist, and covered in mucus, and the cervix is relaxed and open, the ewe is likely in estrus.

3. Teasing method: A ram is introduced into the group to observe its behavior. If the ram sniffs, nudges, or mounts a ewe, and the ewe stands still or approaches the ram, she is in estrus. This test should be done carefully to avoid stressing the flock. It usually takes about an hour to complete.

Fourth, determining ovulation time and timely breeding

Boer goats typically ovulate in the late stages of estrus. About 90% of young goats ovulate around 30 hours after the start of estrus, while 75% to 85% of ewes ovulate around 40 hours later. According to research, the best time for breeding is generally 5 to 8 hours before the end of estrus, or 30 to 35 hours after it begins. Younger animals tend to ovulate slightly earlier, while older ones may ovulate a bit later. If the estrus lasts longer, breeding can be repeated every 5 to 10 hours to increase the chances of successful fertilization.

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