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The prevention of early defoliation of non-disease apple
In apple cultivation, early leaf drop can be caused by factors other than diseases. This summary aims to provide practical insights for fruit growers to identify and manage such issues effectively.
First, early defoliation caused by pests is a common problem. Several pests, including the golden-line moth, leaf miner, boat-shaped caterpillar, chafers, pear psylla, and red-and-white spider, can damage leaves. These pests feed on the sap of leaves, causing discoloration, wilting, and eventual falling. For instance, leafhoppers create white, flocculent lines on the underside of leaves, leading to severe damage. To control these pests, it's essential to target key life stages—egg laying, hatching, and peak activity. In the early stage, applications like 20% Altair diluted 3000 times or 10% Dying Net at 6000 times can help eliminate larvae and eggs. In later stages, solutions like 1.8% Emulsifiable Concentrate (10,000 times) or 1.8% insecticides at 8000 times are effective. Additionally, using agents like chlorbenzuron or pyrethroid-based pesticides can prevent infestations from spreading.
Second, improper agricultural practices can also lead to early leaf fall. Mistakes such as applying excessive pesticide concentrations, overusing fast-acting fertilizers—especially nitrogen-based ones—can cause chemical burn and defoliation. Similarly, incorrect pruning techniques, like pulling branches too hard, may damage the tree and result in leaf loss. To avoid this, growers should follow recommended pesticide concentrations, apply fertilizers based on tree needs, and use careful, professional pruning methods.
Third, environmental stressors play a significant role in early leaf drop. During periods of extreme drought, when temperatures exceed 34°C, trees may experience accelerated cork formation and physiological imbalance, leading to premature leaf shedding. Conversely, sudden heavy rains or prolonged wet weather can cause waterlogging, reducing root function and impairing nutrient uptake, which leads to yellowing and dropping of leaves. Proper irrigation management and drainage systems are crucial during these conditions.
Fourth, poor light conditions in orchards can also contribute to early defoliation. In areas with inadequate sunlight, lower branches may grow weakly, producing thin, pale leaves that eventually turn yellow and fall. Improving light penetration through proper pruning and training techniques—such as lifting branches and opening up the canopy—can help maintain healthy foliage.
Lastly, nutritional deficiencies can lead to leaf problems. Many farmers focus only on organic manure and major nutrients, neglecting trace elements like iron and magnesium. Iron deficiency causes yellowing and death of young leaves, while magnesium deficiency results in yellow-brown patches on new shoots. Conducting soil tests before fertilization and implementing balanced fertilization strategies can prevent such issues.
By understanding and addressing these non-disease-related causes of early defoliation, apple growers can better protect their crops and ensure healthier, more productive orchards.