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The prevention of early defoliation of non-disease apple
In apple cultivation, early leaf fall can be caused by factors other than diseases. Understanding these issues helps growers take timely measures to protect their orchards. Below is a summary of key causes and management strategies.
First, early defoliation caused by pests. Several insects damage leaves, including the golden grain moth, leaf miners, boat-shaped caterpillars, chafers, pear psylla, and red-and-white spider mites. Leafhoppers feed on the sap of both sides of the leaf veins, causing yellowing, whitening, and even leaf drop. To manage this, it's important to target four critical periods: egg-laying, hatching, and high-temperature seasons. In early stages, use 20% Altair at 3000 times dilution or 10% Dyne at 6000 times to kill larvae and eggs. For later stages, 1.8% Emamectin benzoate at 10,000 times or 1.8% insecticides at 8000 times can be applied. Also, triazophos at 3000 times can help control pests in each growth phase. Most leaf-eating pests like the golden grain moth and caterpillars feed from the back of the leaves, leading to early shedding. Control methods include using water-based agents, chlorbenzuron, Wanling, or pyrethroid pesticides.
Second, early leaf fall due to improper agricultural practices. Mistakes such as applying too concentrated pesticides, overusing quick-acting fertilizers (especially nitrogen), or improperly pruning branches can cause leaf drop. To prevent this, always follow recommended pesticide concentrations and apply fertilizers based on tree age, health, fruit load, and soil conditions. During orchard work, ensure careful handling to avoid damaging leaves and branches.
Third, environmental stress can also lead to early defoliation. Drought is a major factor; when temperatures exceed 34°C and soil moisture is low, trees may suffer from physiological imbalance, leading to premature leaf loss. Sudden rainstorms or flooding can cause root damage and poor nutrient uptake, resulting in yellowing and dropping leaves. Proper irrigation during dry periods and drainage after heavy rains are essential.
Poor light conditions in dense orchards can also cause leaf problems. Leaves in shaded areas become thin, produce ethylene, and eventually turn yellow and fall. Improving light penetration through techniques like lifting branches and pruning can reduce this issue. Aim for 35–40% light transmittance in the orchard.
Disasters such as hail can damage leaves and branches, disrupting photosynthesis and causing rapid defoliation. After such events, apply fungicides, fertilize, and remove damaged parts to help trees recover. Installing protective nets can also reduce future damage.
Lastly, nutrient deficiencies, especially of trace elements like iron and magnesium, can lead to chlorosis and leaf drop. Growers should conduct soil tests before fertilizing and ensure balanced nutrition with proper application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients.
By addressing these factors, apple growers can significantly reduce early leaf fall and improve overall tree health and fruit quality.