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Correct use of cultivator working parts
The main working components of a cultivator are generally divided into two categories: the shovel type and the rotary type. Among these, the shovel-type cultivator is the most commonly used and further classified into three types: weeding shovel, loosening shovel, and soil-shaping shovel.
First, the weeding shovel is designed to remove weeds from the crop rows without damaging the plants. It comes in three variations: single-wing, winged, and ventilated. The single-wing weeding shovel is typically used for early weed removal, with a working depth usually not exceeding 6 cm. It consists of a horizontal blade and a vertical guard plate. The blade is ideal for soft soils like those found in alfalfa fields, while the guard plate prevents soil compaction and includes cutting edges at the bottom to avoid clogging by grasses. These shovels are placed on both sides of the seedlings, so there are left and right versions, requiring careful installation. Winged weeding shovels function similarly but are often used together with single-wing models for better efficiency.
Next, the loosening shovel is used to loosen the soil between crop rows without turning it over. It can reach depths of up to 13–16 cm. This tool consists of a blade tip and a handle. The blade tip comes in three forms: chisel-shaped, arrow-shaped, and birch-shaped. The chisel-shaped blade is narrow and flattens the soil during the process, ensuring even loosening. Though once widely used, it has been largely replaced in modern designs. The arrow-shaped blade has a triangular tip and a curved surface, which helps break up the soil evenly and leaves a smooth furrow bottom. Most new Chinese cultivators now use this design. The birch-shaped blade is suitable for initial tilling on ridges, featuring a triangular tip and a curved working surface similar to the arrow-shaped one, but with extended wings that help move soil more effectively.
Lastly, the soil-shaping shovel is used for cultivating and forming ridges. It is divided into two types based on the shape of the working surface: curved and flat. The curved type has a rounded blade tip and chest, providing strong crushing power. Its side walls are semi-circular, allowing for effective soil turnover. During operation, the soil between rows is broken up and pushed to both sides. The blade tip is narrow, resulting in a narrow ditch base and strong weed control on the ridge. The blade and chest are hinged, and the opening of the side walls is controlled by a regulating plate, adjustable between 275–430 mm, making it suitable for various row spacings. It is widely used in dryland areas of northern China.
The flat-type soil-shaping shovel is more common in the northeastern ridge regions. It is mainly used for barnyardgrass removal and soil loosening, and can also be used for ridging when equipped with earth boards. In the first tilling pass, a 200 mm-wide birch blade is often used instead of an earth board. For the second pass, a 250 mm-wide zinc blade adjusts the earth board to the center position. On the third pass, a 350 mm-wide triangular rake is used to open the earth board to its maximum angle.