Thermoplastic starch is also called "non-structured starch", which can make the starch structure disordered and thermoplastic by certain methods. Starch molecules for polysaccharides molecular structure, containing a large number of hydroxyl, due to its intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bond action, so that its melting temperature is higher, and its decomposition temperature is lower than its melting temperature, so in the heat processing, starch molecules did not melt and first decomposed. The traditional mechanical processing method of plastic is mostly heat processing, so to make starch - based whole starch plastic needs to make natural starch thermoplastic. This thermoplasticity can be achieved by changing the crystalline structure inside starch molecules. Destroy intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, disrupt the double helix crystal structure of starch molecules, which will reduce the melting temperature of starch and make it thermoplastic. Starch-Based Plastics,Cellulose-Based Plastics,Protein-Based Plastics,Some Aliphatic Polyesters Xingbang High Molecular Materials Co., Ltd. , https://www.chemicaladditive.com
Bull breeding and management
According to the nutritional requirements of bulls, feed should be balanced, varied, palatable, and easy to digest. A proper mix of fine, coarse, and green feeds is essential to ensure optimal health and reproductive performance. Concentrates should be rich in high-quality protein, making up approximately 40% of the total diet. This approach should focus on two key aspects: feed composition and the quantity of each type of feed provided.
First, the feed mixture must be carefully balanced. Juicy feeds and roughage should not be overfed, as excessive amounts can lead to an enlarged digestive system, commonly referred to as "grass-bellied," which can negatively impact fertility. High-carbohydrate feeds like corn should be limited, as they may cause weight loss in breeding bulls and reduce their reproductive efficiency. Protein-rich feeds such as soybean meal are beneficial but are physiologically acidic, which can hinder sperm production. Silage, though alkaline, contains high levels of organic acids and should also be fed in moderation. Mineral supplements like bone meal and salt play a crucial role in maintaining bull health and semen quality. Salt, in particular, supports digestion and metabolism, but too much can suppress sexual function.
If overfeeding concentrates leads to poor semen quality, reducing the concentrate amount and adding high-quality hay can significantly improve results. When concentrates are too simple, animal-based protein sources like eggs, fishmeal, or milk should be introduced. These are especially important for bulls that are frequently used for breeding. Bulls that consume large amounts of hay over time may develop a "grass-bellied" condition, which is hard to correct once established. However, early detection and adjustment during the development of young bulls can prevent this issue.
Second, the quantity of each feed type should be measured accurately. For every 100 kg of body weight, bulls should receive 0.4–0.6 kg of concentrate. The daily concentrate intake should not exceed 8 kg, ideally ranging between 5–6 kg, with excellent quality being a priority. Green roughage should include 1–1.5 kg of hay, 0.6–0.8 kg of silage, and 0.8–1.0 kg of carrots per 100 kg of body weight, totaling around 10–12 kg. During summer, grass (of medium quality) can be fed at 2–3 kg per 100 kg of body weight. Additionally, each bull should receive 0.4–0.5 kg of eggs, 2–3 kg of milk, or 100–150 g of fishmeal and bone meal daily, along with 70–80 g of salt.
Bulls must always have access to clean, fresh water. It is advisable to avoid giving water within 30 minutes before and after exercise or mating to protect their health. Ensure that drinking water is not contaminated or from unreliable sources like hail or sewage. Proper hydration is essential for maintaining overall vitality and reproductive performance.