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Nutritional characteristics of banana
Bananas have a unique root system that lacks a main root. Instead, they develop adventitious roots from the underground bulb, commonly referred to as the "pig's head." These roots grow horizontally and vertically, with the majority of the root system concentrated in the topsoil between 10-25 cm deep. The bulb serves not only as a root structure but also as the site where leaves and suckers emerge. Suckers are formed by the sprouting of axillary buds on the bulb and can be classified into flag leaf buds and large leaf buds. Among these, flag leaf buds are typically selected as parent plants for propagation. Therefore, the bulb functions both as a vegetative organ and a reproductive organ, playing a crucial role in the growth and yield of the plant.
Bud germination usually begins in February each year. During this period, careful selection of buds is essential. If too many buds are left, they may consume excessive nutrients, which can negatively affect the mother plant’s growth and fruiting. It is recommended to select and retain the best suckers when the mother plant has developed around 20–22 leaves, as this is when the young panicles begin to form. At this stage, the most vigorous suckers should be kept, while the rest should be removed promptly to prevent nutrient competition.
The growth cycle of banana plants can be divided into four distinct stages:
1. **Seedling Stage**: This lasts about 2–3 months, starting from the emergence of the shoot until it develops into a large leaf. During this time, the plant focuses on increasing its leaf area and forming bulbs and roots. It relies on nutrients supplied by the mother plant before transitioning to soil-based nutrition. Growth during this phase is relatively slow.
2. **Vegetative Growth Period**: This stage begins when the plant starts producing large leaves and lasts approximately 5–6 months. It is characterized by rapid leaf expansion and nutrient accumulation, which lays the foundation for flower bud development. About 10–16% of the total biomass is produced during this period.
3. **Budding Period**: This stage lasts 3–4 months, from the initiation of flower buds to the start of flowering. During this time, the petioles thicken, and the leaf spacing becomes denser, leading to pseudostem enlargement, often referred to as "pregnant." Female flowers complete their differentiation, while male flowers begin to develop. Leaves continue to grow until the final stage, after which leaf area decreases. This period accounts for 30–35% of the total biological production.
4. **Fruit Development Stage**: This stage begins once the male and female flowers are fully differentiated and continues until the fruit ripens. During this time, the fruit rapidly expands, and the plant reallocates nutrients to the fruit. The lower leaves yellow, and the plant gradually enters senescence. After harvest, the above-ground portion is typically cut, and a new sucker from the underground stem takes over, continuing the growth cycle.
Nutritional characteristics of bananas include:
1. Bananas are considered a potassium-loving crop, requiring higher levels of potassium than most other fruit trees.
2. The ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…), and potassium (Kâ‚‚O) uptake remains consistent across different varieties, averaging approximately 1:0.19:3.72.
3. Nutrient requirements vary based on plant type. For example, medium-stalk varieties require 5.9 kg N, 1.1 kg Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…, and 22 kg Kâ‚‚O per 1,000 kg of fruit, while dwarf varieties need 4.8 kg N, 1.0 kg Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…, and 18 kg Kâ‚‚O.
4. Calcium and magnesium are also highly required, with absorption ratios of N:Ca = 1:0.69 and N:Mg = 1:0.2, which are higher than those for phosphorus.
5. Nutrient uptake varies by growth stage: the budding stage absorbs 40.5%, 45.5%, and 52.6% of total nutrients; the vegetative growth period absorbs 19.3%, 17.8%, and 16.4%; and the fruit maturity stage absorbs 40.2%, 37.2%, and 31.0%.
6. Throughout the growing season, the N:P₂O₅:K₂O ratio is roughly 1:0.2:3.5–4.5, making it easier to apply balanced fertilizers throughout the growth cycle.
In terms of fertilization technology, bananas require high amounts of nitrogen and potassium compared to other fruit crops. Local trials suggest that 30–50 kg N per mu is typical, with higher yields requiring up to 70–90 kg N. Fertilizer application ratios usually range from 1:0.3–0.6:1–2. Soil conditions vary by region, so adjustments are necessary. For example, in Guangdong, the recommended ratio is 1:0.3:1.3, while in Hainan, it is 1:0.6:2.
Bananas benefit from multiple fertilizer applications, typically 10–15 times per year. Organic fertilizer is often applied in winter and spring, using methods such as digging trenches or applying at specific points near the base. During the growing season, fertilizers are applied in stages, with 75% of the total fertilizer applied before planting. After the first 10 large leaves appear, two applications per month are recommended, each amounting to 3–5% of the total. Tissue-cultured seedlings receive a diluted compound fertilizer solution every 7 days for 4–6 weeks. As the plant grows, the frequency and amount of fertilizer increase, especially during the budding and fruit development phases. Additional applications are made during critical growth periods to ensure optimal yield and quality.
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