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Bull breeding and management
According to the specific nutritional requirements of bulls, their feeding program should be well-balanced, providing complete nutrition with a variety of ingredients. The feed should be palatable, easy to digest, and properly combined in terms of fine, coarse, and green feeds. Concentrates should focus on high-biological-value proteins, making up roughly 40% of the total diet. Two key aspects should be prioritized.
First, the mix of feeds is crucial. Juicy and roughage feeds should not be overfed, as excessive long-term feeding can enlarge the digestive organs, leading to a condition known as "grass-bellied," which negatively impacts reproductive efficiency. High-carbohydrate feeds like corn should be limited, as they may cause weight loss in breeding bulls and reduce fertility. Protein-rich concentrates such as soybean meal are beneficial for breeding bulls but are physiologically acidic, potentially increasing organic acids in the body, which may hinder sperm formation. Silage, although alkaline, contains high levels of organic acids, so overfeeding it can also be harmful. Minerals like bone meal and salt play a vital role in bull health and semen quality. Bone meal, or other calcium- and phosphorus-containing feeds, must be included in sufficient amounts. Salt is essential for digestion, appetite stimulation, and metabolism, but too much can impair sexual function.
If overfeeding concentrates leads to poor semen quality, reducing concentrate intake and supplementing with high-quality hay can significantly improve results. If the concentrate is too basic and affects semen quality, adding animal-based protein sources like eggs, fish meal, or milk is recommended. These are essential for frequent breeding. Bulls that consume large amounts of hay over time may develop a "grass-bellied" condition, which is hard to reverse once established. However, early detection and adjustment can prevent this issue, often occurring during the rearing of young bulls.
Second, the quantity of each feed type should be carefully managed. For every 100 kg of body weight, 0.4–0.6 kg of concentrate should be provided. A single feeding should not exceed 8 kg, ideally around 5–6 kg, and the concentrate must be of high quality. Green roughage should include 1–1.5 kg of hay, 0.6–0.8 kg of silage, and 0.8–1.0 kg of carrots per 100 kg of body weight, totaling about 10–12 kg. In summer, grass (medium quality) can be fed at 2–3 kg per 100 kg of body weight. Additionally, each bull should receive 0.4–0.5 kg of eggs, 2–3 kg of milk, or 100–150 g of fish meal and bone meal daily, along with 70–80 g of salt.
Bulls require constant access to clean water. It’s important to avoid giving them water within 30 minutes before and after exercise, mating, or semen collection to protect their health. They should never be allowed to drink dirty or contaminated water.