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Tobacco Biofertilizer Application Techniques and Precautions
In recent times, the author visited an ethnic mountainous region to conduct tobacco research. During the visit, many local farmers and technicians shared their plans to incorporate a portion of biological fertilizers in the production of new-year tobacco leaves, aiming to reduce reliance on expensive chemical fertilizers due to current shortages. They expressed curiosity: What exactly is a bio-fertilizer? What role does it play in tobacco fields? How should it be applied? And what issues should be considered? To address their growing interest in understanding the basics of biological fertilizers, the author consulted soil and fertilizer experts, gathered relevant information, and combined it with existing knowledge to prepare this article for reference.
I. Promoting the Use of Biological Fertilizers Is Key to Modern Agriculture
For many years, the fertilizer world consisted mainly of organic and chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers, also known as farmyard manure, come from animal waste, plant residues, and human excreta. These are full-nutrient fertilizers rich in organic matter and essential nutrients that not only nourish crops but also improve soil structure and fertility. While organic fertilizers are vital for maintaining soil health, their limited availability makes it difficult to meet modern agricultural demands. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, provide fast-acting nutrients that can significantly boost crop yields, making them indispensable in today’s sustainable farming systems. However, overuse of chemical fertilizers leads to nutrient imbalances, soil degradation, reduced water infiltration, and loss of humus, all of which harm the ecological balance and affect crop quality.
To address these challenges, countries around the world have turned to advanced technologies to develop new fertilizer options, with biological fertilizers becoming a major focus. Soil consists of minerals, organic matter, and microorganisms. Biofertilizers are developed based on this natural system. They are made by cultivating specific microorganisms that enhance crop nutrition through scientific processes. These microbial products are applied to the soil to improve plant growth and productivity. Known as microbial or bacterial fertilizers, they represent the third category of fertilizers after organic and chemical ones. Over 70 countries now research and use biofertilizers. China began exploring them in the 1950s, and since the 21st century, their application has grown rapidly. By July 2006, 511 products had received registration certificates from the Ministry of Agriculture, with an output of about 750,000 tons, accounting for roughly 1/200 of total fertilizer usage.
Biofertilizers are distinct from traditional fertilizers in both concept and function. They cannot fully replace chemical or organic fertilizers, but they are increasingly important as demand for pollution-free, healthy food rises. Their promotion is now a key issue in modern agriculture.
II. The Role of Biological Fertilizers
When applied to the soil, beneficial microorganisms in biofertilizers thrive under suitable conditions, improving soil quality and promoting crop growth. Their roles include:
1. Nutrient Production: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants.
2. Nutrient Activation: Phosphorus and potassium bacteria help release insoluble nutrients, making them available to crops.
3. Growth Promotion: Microbial activity enhances vitamin and hormone production, stimulating root development and overall plant growth.
4. Disease Resistance: Beneficial microbes inhibit pathogens, reducing disease incidence.
5. Soil Improvement: Microbes decompose organic matter, enhancing soil structure and water retention.
6. Reduced Chemical Use: Biofertilizers can lower the need for chemical fertilizers, saving costs and reducing environmental impact.
7. Improved Yield and Quality: Enhanced nutrient availability boosts crop yield and improves product quality, such as increasing sugar content and reducing nitrates.
In tobacco fields, biofertilizers have shown benefits like improved root development, stronger plant growth, reduced disease, and better leaf color and aroma after curing.
III. Types of Biofertilizers Suitable for Tobacco, Application Techniques, and Precautions
(I) Biofertilizers Ideal for Tobacco Fields
There are various types of biofertilizers, including nitrogen-fixing, phosphorus-solubilizing, and potassium-releasing bacteria, as well as compound bacterial fertilizers. Two types have shown good performance in tobacco fields: biological potassium fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer.
1. Biological Potassium Fertilizer
This fertilizer uses silicate-based bacteria to release potassium and phosphorus from the soil, improving nutrient availability. It enhances crop resistance and is especially beneficial for tobacco, which requires high potassium levels. Apply as a base fertilizer at 1–2 kg per acre before transplanting, mixing with fine soil or compost.
2. Bio-Organic Fertilizer
Combining organic matter, nutrients, and beneficial microbes, bio-organic fertilizers offer a balanced approach. They are easy to use, odorless, and environmentally friendly. Apply 25–50 kg per acre as a base fertilizer, placing it near the root zone for maximum effect.
(II) Application Considerations
Biofertilizers rely on microorganisms, so proper soil conditions—moisture, temperature, and pH—are essential. Key points include:
1. Do not replace chemical or organic fertilizers entirely; use them together.
2. Apply deep into the soil to protect microorganisms from sunlight.
3. Concentrate near the roots to create a favorable microbial environment.
4. Avoid mixing with chemical fertilizers or pesticides.
5. Choose certified products and follow instructions carefully.
6. Gradually introduce biofertilizers after testing to ensure effectiveness.
By following these guidelines, farmers can successfully integrate biofertilizers into their tobacco production, contributing to sustainable and high-quality agriculture.