Bacillus Subtilis Organic Fertilizer,Bacillus Subtilis For Plant Grow,Bacillus Subtilis For Agriculture,Bacillus Subtilis Powder Fertilizer Zhengzhou Bridge Biochem Co.,Ltd. , https://www.biochemfeeds.com
Reservoir cage culture barbed technology
Barbs, scientifically known as *Spinibarbus hollandi*, are commonly referred to as "military fish" and belong to the genus *Polygonidae* within the family Cyprinidae. These fish have a long, tubular body with a flat tail, a broad head, a blunt snout, and a white belly. They are mid-to-lower water dwellers, typically found in flowing waters, and are known for their active and energetic behavior, often jumping out of the water. Highly valued for their delicious taste and nutritional value, they are one of the most popular species among stream fish in the region. As a promising aquaculture candidate, barbs offer advantages such as fast growth, omnivorous feeding habits, high economic returns, and great potential for development. In recent years, artificial breeding of barbs has been gaining popularity in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, showing strong growth momentum. In 2002, cage culture experiments were conducted in reservoirs in Jinyun, Zhejiang, achieving excellent economic results. A total of 15 cages were set up, housing 12,000 fish, resulting in 4 tons of adult fish and a production value of 240,000 yuan, with a profit of 120,000 yuan. The following is a detailed introduction of the relevant techniques.
1. **Net Cage Setup**
The cage is made of double-layer mesh (inner mesh size: 2 cm, outer mesh size: 3 cm), sewn using 33-polyethylene netting. Each cage measures 2m x 2m x 2m, with an effective water depth of 1.7m, providing a volume of 6.8 cubic meters. The frame is constructed from bamboo, and a steel frame with a side length of 1.9 meters, made of 12mm diameter steel, is placed at the bottom as a weight. Alternatively, bricks can be hung at the corners to serve as sinkers. The cage is positioned in a well-ventilated area and secured to trees or concrete piles on the bank using thick ropes or wire cables, arranged in a “one†shape with a spacing of 4 meters between cages.
A feeding platform is installed inside the cage. For floating feed, a wooden platform measuring 80 cm in length and 25 cm in height is placed at the center, with 10 cm above the water surface to prevent feed from escaping. For sinking feed, a 40-mesh polyethylene net is laid at the bottom of the cage, folded up 30 cm along the walls. A funnel with a diameter of 120 mm and a length of 2 meters is installed at the center, connected to a plastic tube that feeds the sinking feed to the platform.
2. **Pre-stocking Preparation**
Before stocking, it is essential to inspect the cage for damage, knots, and aging of the nets. New cages should be submerged 7–10 days in advance to allow them to settle. Due to their timid nature, barbs do not thrive in mixed cultures with more aggressive species like tilapia or carp. Therefore, single-species farming is usually adopted. Fish are typically stocked between January and April, with a preferred size of 50–100 grams per fish. Stocking density is around 500–1000 fish per cage. All fish should be of uniform size, healthy, and disease-free. Before stocking, fish are treated with a 3–5% saltwater bath for 10–15 minutes, or a 20g/m³ potassium permanganate solution for 10–20 minutes, or a 10g/m³ polyether iodine bath for 15–30 minutes to ensure proper disinfection.
3. **Daily Management**
As wild river fish, barbs require careful feeding management during cultivation. They begin feeding at 13°C, eat best between 25–30°C, and grow fastest in this range. After stocking, feeding should start when the water temperature exceeds 13°C. If the fish are already acclimated, they can be fed full-price compound feed. The feed should contain 32–35% crude protein, with 25–30% animal protein. For newly captured fish, a gradual transition from live food like quail, worms, or squid to artificial feed is necessary. Feeding is done 2–3 times daily, with the amount depending on weather, water temperature, and fish behavior. Normally, the daily feeding rate is 1–6% of the fish’s body weight. When temperatures exceed 30°C, feeding may decrease or stop entirely.
To ensure balanced nutrition, improve appearance, and maintain natural meat quality, additional green feed such as ryegrass, corn leaves, pumpkin leaves, sweet potato leaves, mulberry leaves, duckweed, and other plant materials are provided alongside compound feed. Animal-based foods like small fish, snails, and insects are also used. As the fish grow, they tend to prefer plant-based diets, so feed formulations should be adjusted accordingly.
Regular monitoring is crucial, especially during flood seasons, to prevent losses due to predators, floods, or net damage. Nets should be cleaned regularly, and fish behavior and growth should be closely observed. Water quality in the reservoir is generally good, but strict disinfection of fish, feeding platforms, and equipment is essential. Fresh, palatable feed should be provided consistently to prevent diseases. Even if issues like gill disease, bacterial infections, or enteritis occur, they can be managed using standard treatments for similar fish species.
Understanding Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants and humans. It is one of the best-characterized bacterial species and is known for its ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to withstand extreme environmental conditions. This resilience makes it an excellent candidate for use in agricultural applications.
Soil Health Improvement;Enhances Nutrient Availability:
Bacillus subtilis plays a pivotal role in improving soil health by enhancing nutrient availability. It produces a variety of enzymes that break down complex organic matter into simpler forms, making nutrients more accessible to plants. For instance, it can solubilize phosphate, a crucial nutrient for plant growth, converting it into a form that plants can easily absorb.
Promotes Nitrogen Fixation:
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, and Bacillus subtilis aids in nitrogen fixation. Although it is not a nitrogen-fixing bacterium itself, it supports the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. This symbiotic relationship ensures that plants receive an adequate supply of nitrogen, promoting robust growth and higher yields.
Plant Growth Promotion;Production of Plant Growth Hormones:
Bacillus subtilis produces various plant growth-promoting hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. These hormones stimulate root development, enhance seed germination, and promote overall plant vigor. Improved root systems enable plants to absorb water and nutrients more efficiently, leading to healthier and more resilient crops.
Disease Suppression:
One of the most significant benefits of Bacillus subtilis is its ability to suppress plant diseases. It produces antibiotics and antifungal compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. By outcompeting harmful pathogens, Bacillus subtilis protects plants from diseases such as root rot, wilt, and blight, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
Biocontrol Agent;Antagonistic Activity Against Pathogens:
Bacillus subtilis acts as a biocontrol agent by exhibiting antagonistic activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. It colonizes the root surface, creating a protective barrier that prevents the entry of harmful microorganisms. Additionally, it produces lipopeptides and other antimicrobial compounds that directly inhibit pathogen growth, ensuring healthier crops.
Induction of Systemic Resistance
Apart from direct antagonism, Bacillus subtilis induces systemic resistance in plants. This means that when plants are exposed to Bacillus subtilis, they develop an enhanced defensive capacity against a broad spectrum of diseases. This induced resistance mechanism helps plants fend off infections more effectively, contributing to long-term crop health.
Stress Tolerance;Drought Resistance:
In the face of climate change, water scarcity is a pressing concern for farmers worldwide. Bacillus subtilis enhances the drought resistance of plants by promoting deeper and more extensive root systems. These robust root systems enable plants to access water from deeper soil layers, improving their ability to withstand prolonged dry periods.
Salinity Tolerance;
Soil salinity is another major challenge in agriculture. Bacillus subtilis can mitigate the negative effects of salinity on plants. It produces osmoprotectants that help plants maintain cellular integrity and function under saline conditions. By enhancing salinity tolerance, Bacillus subtilis allows crops to thrive in marginal soils, expanding the range of arable land.
Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Farming;Reduction in Chemical Inputs:
The use of Bacillus subtilis in agriculture promotes eco-friendly and sustainable farming practices. By naturally suppressing plant diseases and enhancing nutrient availability, it reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This not only lowers production costs for farmers but also minimizes the environmental impact of agricultural activities.
Improved Soil Structure:
Bacillus subtilis contributes to improved soil structure by producing polysaccharides that bind soil particles together. This enhances soil aggregation, increasing water infiltration and retention. Healthy soil structure is vital for root development and nutrient uptake,
Keywords:bacillus subtilis Organic Fertilizer/bacillus subtilis for plant grow/bacillus subtilis for agriculture/Bacillus Subtilis Powder Fertilizer