Body area network (BAN) is often seen as a response to sharp increase in health care costs and lack of medical service providers a solution, and IEEE wireless standards organizations are developing BAN technology. In recent years, the emergence of wireless human body area network technology has solved the problem of monitoring patients in remote areas. The need to reduce medical costs and the increased focus on disease prevention and early disease detection are the driving forces behind BAN's continued growth. Some market research reports predict that demand for BAN devices will reach 100 million per year by 2011 due to the development of wearable and implantable medical devices for patient monitoring and consumer healthcare. Medical Guardianship plays an important role as population aging is a problem in many regions, especially in countries where clinicians are in short supply. This system provides continuous monitoring of the physical condition of older patients and shares information with distant health care providers to better meet healthcare needs. With this system, medical and elderly care providers can provide services to older people with chronic conditions so they can live longer. BAN is an extremely small wireless LAN that supports a wide range of medical applications, from tracking vital signs to monitoring the operation of transplanted devices and completing high-level endoscopy. Traditional patient monitoring consists of many physiological sensors. These sensors connect the patient's body to a dedicated signal processing unit installed nearby, surrounded by a number of awkward connections. These connections limit the patient's range of motion and also affect patient comfort. Some research reports indicate that these connections are the source of hospital infections. In addition, the sway of these connections can adversely affect the test results. With the advent of low-power, low-cost wireless connectivity technologies, BAN can now be implemented and deployed as a complement to these traditional technologies. We can mount the sensor network on or around the patient's body or statically implant it into human tissue for specific physiological data collection. In this way, we can continuously monitor the health of the patient regardless of where the patient is. These collected signals can be used for electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiogram (EKG), electromyography (EMG), epidermal temperature, cutaneous electrical conduction, and electrooculogram (EOG). All sensors wirelessly transmit the collected information to an external processor located on the patient or at the bedside. The processor then sends all the information in real time to the device used by the doctor or to a designated server via a traditional data network (eg Ethernet, Wi-Fi or GSM). Sensors used by BANs typically require the accuracy of their important physiological parameters, the level of low-power signal processing, and the need for wireless connectivity. In some cases, the sensor becomes a transceiver or receiver, depending on the bandwidth of the data being acquired—for example, temperature or heart rate data versus a simulated EKG waveform. There are two main types of sensors used in BAN, depending on their mode of operation. The sensor used in wearable BAN is generally applied to the surface of the human body or implanted in the shallow layer of the human body for short-term monitoring (within 14 days). These sensors are generally very expensive, lighter in weight and small in size, enabling free-moving health monitoring. Medical providers use these sensors to understand the health of patients in near real time. Sensors used in implantable BANs are installed in deeper areas of the body such as the heart, brain and spinal cord. The implantable BAN has both active stimulation and physiological monitoring, making it ideal for monitoring chronic conditions. So far, these chronic diseases can only be treated with drugs. Examples of implantable BAN treatments include deep brain stimulation of Parkinson's disease, chronic painful spinal cord stimulation, and urinary incontinence bladder irritation. Understanding BAN requirements is key to making reliable product designs in this area. BAN features easy-to-configure, low-cost, ultra-low power and highly reliable sensor systems. Its packaging and work operations must be sterile for use around or inside the body. In addition, wireless communications must be robust enough to withstand RF interference in a variety of environments, such as Wi-Fi networks, microwave ovens, and cordless phones.
Different from ultrasonic heat counters,The Smart Heat Meters are used
for heat and cold energy calculation through the water. The smart heat meters
can display the accumulated heat, flow rate, instant flow rate, inlet water temperature,
outlet water temperature, temperature difference and etc.
The smart heat meter
is suitable for measuring the heat exchange, known as the heat transfer fluid
or liquid absorbing thermal energy conversion equipment, which consists of a
flow sensor, temperature sensor and heat calculator(heat meter counters) three parts. The smart heat
meters are also known as smart energy meters.
The smart heat meter is
used to measure and display the water flow through the heat exchange system
release or absorb heat. The smart heat meters are installed at the inlet pipe
or outlet pipe to measure accurate metering and intelligent control of charges
of the heat consumption. Its working principle is to install the smart heat meters
in the heat exchange system, when water flows through the system, according to
the supply and return water flow temperature, from the data from the flow
sensors and temperature sensor as well as the water flow time, the smart heat meter
will calculate the released and absorbed energy through the calculator.
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