Sulfa drugs used in the chicken industry were first used to control coccidiosis. The only drugs used for prevention and control of chicken diseases are sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamethoxazole (SM2), trimethoprim (TMP), and furazolidone. ), nitrofurazone (Editor's note: furazolidone and furancillin are banned). Pyrimidine is a white powder, sometimes with a slight yellowish taste. It tastes a little bitter. It is dark in color when exposed to light, and it is almost insoluble in water. The liquid of an injection is prone to freezing and crystallization. For the convenience of use, commonly used tablets developed into powder mix, chicken, rabbit, pig can use. 1 for the prevention of exogenous bacterial infections Such as Pasteurella, Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli caused by respiratory tract infections, loose stools, diarrhea, dysentery and so on. Pigs do not want to eat, fever, chicken diarrhea can use sulfanil tablets mix, generally 0.5g2 per kilogram of feed, and even feed 4 days to control the condition. 2 For controlling infections in the body For unexplained fever, swelling, congestion pathology, available sulfamethazine mixture, such as chicken staphosis, swollen E. coli disease, feeding a few days sulfamethazine tablets will be controlled, such as staphylococcus disease When it was found that some chickens had skin ulcers and developed paralysis, they would be able to control the development of the disease soon after they were given sulfamethoxazole tablets. 3 for the prevention of coccidiosis There are 7 species of chicken coccidia, 16 species of rabbit coccidia, pigs and sheep also have coccidia. Coccidiosis is the enemy of the breeding industry. Both big chickens are susceptible. The first choice for treatment of coccidiosis is sulfa drugs, especially sulfamethazine, with an oral absorption rate of 70% to 90%, metabolic pathways in the liver, peak plasma levels of up to 4 hours, and a protein binding rate of 25%. The acetylation rate is 10% to 20% in blood, 39% in urine, and 51% of urinary excretion for 24 hours. 4 Precautions for the application of sulfonamides 4.1 Note that the use dose of broilers used in small doses, usually 0.02% of the dose is sufficient, because the hazards of sulfa drugs on the kidneys and liver is very clear, break through the kidney tolerance threshold, not lethal will also diarrhea, if people take this This type of diarrhea is treated as a disease, which means worsening the disease, making it disease-free, and finally making the disease-free chicken really sick. The increase in uric acid is more serious in diarrhea. 4.2 Care should be taken to prevent antagonistic antagonism in the presence of two drugs that have reduced pharmacological effects or adverse reactions. In the case of sulfa drugs and penicillin ampicillin drugs, human-induced drug antagonism can be caused, although the amount is not large, it will make physical weakness, weight loss, affecting growth and development, and even death, causing heavy losses. 4.3 Careful attention to the product The current production of dimethyl saccharine tablet manufacturers is relatively small, specifications are 0.5g / piece, containing sulfa dimethyl dimethicone, no powder products. There is only one sulfamethazine tablet on the market, and one kind of compound sulfamethoxazole can be used to feed chickens. 4.4 Note the use of the method sulfamethazine pyrophosphorus pH 8.5 ~ 9.0, when feeding spices, the intestinal pH should be properly adjusted, this can be conducive to absorption, the best method is to add 0.01% in drinking water Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). 4.5 appropriate amount of vitamin B2 Sulfa drugs absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract is the small intestine segment, and directly affect the interference of vitamin B1 absorption, in order to prevent adverse effects, should be added when feeding vitamin B1. 4.6 attention to control drug residues due to the higher pH value of sulfa drugs, between 8.5 to 9.0, strong alkaline, irritating, do not mix with acidity when used, should provide sufficient drinking water to promote excretion. After 1 course of treatment, it is necessary to increase quick supplement and supplement vitamin K and D1. The drug use time should be calculated based on the slaughter time, and the drug should be withdrawn for 5 to 14 days to ensure that there is no drug residue at the time of slaughter. Ventilator block diagram Medical Invasive Breathing Machine Invasive Breathing Machine,Medical Invasive Ventilator,Invasive Mechanical Ventilation,Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Guangzhou Zhongzhinan Supply Chain Co.,Ltd. , https://www.gzzhongzhinan.com
One. Main mechanical ventilation modes
(1) Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV): positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and zero pressure in the expiratory phase. 1. Working principle: The ventilator generates positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and presses the gas into the lungs. After the pressure rises to a certain level or the inhaled volume reaches a certain level, the ventilator stops supplying air, the exhalation valve opens, and the patient's thorax Passive collapse of the lungs and exhalation. 2. Clinical application: Various patients with respiratory failure mainly based on ventilation function, such as COPD.
(2) Intermittent positive and negative pressure ventilation (IPNPV): the inspiratory phase is positive pressure and the expiratory phase is negative pressure. 1. How it works: The ventilator works both in the inspiratory and exhaled phases. 2. Clinical application: Expiratory negative pressure can cause alveolar collapse and cause iatrogenic atelectasis.
(3) Continuous positive pressure airway ventilation (CPAP): Refers to the patient's spontaneous breathing and artificial positive airway pressure during the entire respiratory cycle. 1. Working principle: Inspiratory phase gives continuous positive pressure air flow, and exhalation phase also gives a certain resistance, so that the airway pressure of inhalation and exhalation phases are higher than atmospheric pressure. 2. Advantages: The continuous positive pressure airflow during inhalation is greater than the inspiratory airflow, which saves the patient's inhalation effort, increases FRC, and prevents the collapse of the airway and alveoli. Can be used for exercise before going offline. 3. Disadvantages: great interference to circulation, large pressure injury of lung tissue.
(4) Intermittent command ventilation and synchronized intermittent command ventilation (IMV / SIMV) IMV: There is no synchronization device, the ventilator air supply does not require the patient's spontaneous breathing trigger, and the time of each air supply in the breathing cycle is not constant. 2. SIMV: There is a synchronization device. The ventilator gives the patient a commanded breath according to the pre-designed breathing parameters every minute. The patient can breathe spontaneously without being affected by the ventilator. 3. Advantages: It exerts its ability to regulate breathing while offline; it has less influence on circulation and lungs than IPPV; it reduces the use of shock medicine to a certain extent. 4. Application: It is generally considered to be used when off-line. When R <5 times / min, it still maintains a good oxygenation state. You can consider off-line. Generally, PSV is added to avoid respiratory muscle fatigue.
(5) Mandatory ventilation per minute (MMV) When spontaneous breathing> preset minute ventilation, the ventilator does not command ventilation, but only provides a continuous positive pressure. 2. When spontaneous breathing is less than the preset minute ventilation volume, the ventilator performs command ventilation to increase the minute ventilation volume to reach the preset level.
(6) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) Definition: Under the prerequisite of spontaneous breathing, each inhalation receives a certain level of pressure support, increasing the patient's inhalation depth and inhalation volume. 2. How it works: The inspiratory pressure begins with the patient's inspiratory action, and ends when the inspiratory flow rate decreases to a certain level or the patient attempts to exhale hard. Compared with IPPV, the pressure it supports is constant, and it is adjusted by the feedback of the inspiratory flow rate. Compared with SIMV, it can get pressure support for each inhalation, but the level of support can be set according to different needs. 3. Application: SIMV + PSV: used for preparation before off-line, can reduce breathing work and oxygen consumption Indications: Exercise the ventilator; prepare before going offline; the ventilator is weak due to various reasons; severe flail chest causes abnormal breathing. 5. Note: Generally not used alone, it will produce insufficient or excessive ventilation.
(7) Volume Supported Ventilation (VSV): Each breath is triggered by the patient's spontaneous breathing. The patient can also breathe without any support and can reach the expected TV and MV levels. The ventilator will allow the patient to be truly autonomous Breathing also applies to preparations before going offline.
(8) Capacity control of pressure regulation
(IX) Biphasic or bilevel positive pressure ventilation How it works: P1 is equivalent to inspiratory pressure, P2 is equivalent to breathing pressure, T1 is equivalent to inspiratory time, and T2 is equivalent to exhalation time. 2. Clinical application: (1) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2 = 0 or PEEP, T2 = expiratory time, which is equivalent to IPPV. (2) When P1 = PEEP, T1 = infinity, P2 = 0, T2 = O, which is equivalent to CPAP. (3) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2-0 or PEEP, T2 = desired controlled inhalation cycle, equivalent to SIMV.