Dye intermediates, also referred to as intermediates, refer to various aromatic derivatives used in the production of dyes and organic pigments. They are derived from benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene and other aromatic hydrocarbons from coal chemical and petrochemical industries through a series of organic synthesis unit processes. With the development of chemical industry, the application range of dye intermediates has been extended to pharmaceutical industry, pesticide industry, propellant and explosive industry, information recording materials industry, as well as auxiliaries, surfactants, spices, plastics, synthetic fibers and other production sectors. There are many kinds of dye intermediates, and hundreds of them are more important. The most important early dye intermediates, such as nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, chlorobenzene and phthalic anhydride, have been developed into important basic Organic Intermediates because of their wide use and large dosage. The annual output in the world is more than one million tons. The most important dye intermediates are o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene, 2-naphthol, anthraquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone and so on. Starting from the above intermediates and through a series of organic synthesis unit processes, various intermediates with complex structures can be prepared.
Dye intermediates mainly include benzene intermediates, toluene intermediates, naphthalene intermediates and anthraquinone intermediates, in addition, there are some heterocyclic intermediates. The main reaction processes of intermediate in production are nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, reduction, amination, hydrolysis, oxidation, condensation and so on. The synthesis of a complex intermediate often takes many unit processes, sometimes using different basic materials and different synthetic routes.
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2, fertilized eggs, hatching larvae. The larvae are directly released on floating eggs or hatched, with a density of 2-60000 grains/m3. Before launching, half a pond is used to filter seawater, and then 10% of the water is added every day, and the water is changed when the pool is full.
3, bait. The feeds used throughout the nursery process include chlorella, rotifers, Artemia nauplii (copepods, Cladocera), and artificial diets. Chlorella is mainly used as bait for rotifers, and at the same time it can improve the water quality of the cultivation ponds. It is added within 40 days from the opening of larvae and has a density of 500,000 to 1 million cells per milliliter of nursery water. The rotifers were used as open bait for larvae. They were added one day before the opening, and they had to be fortified for about 6 hours before adding. When larvae are cultured for 15 days, they can be fed Artemia nauplii and they must be fortified before feeding. In order not to overly rely on bio-feeds and to reduce production costs, and facilitate management, particulate compound feeds are used 10-15 days after larvae hatch to acclimate their adaptability.
4, daily management (1) feeding. After hatching, larvae usually appear in H3 (the third day after hatching, the rest of the analogy) all appear in the morning eye pigment, anal fissure occurs, and cracks occur in the afternoon; H4 small larvae start feeding; H5 all larvae feeding. At this time, whether the fry is fasted or not has a direct impact on the survival rate of fry rearing. Therefore, the observation of larval feeding should be strengthened to timely adjust the amount of rotifer feeding.
Feeding amount of compound feed should adhere to the principle of small meals, and increase or decrease according to the actual feeding conditions of the fry, so as to avoid residual bait pollution of water quality. At the same time, feed specifications should be changed according to the growth and development of fry. However, it should be noted that due to the incompetent nutrition of the current grouper seedlings used for breeding and breeding, they can only be used as supplementary feeds for biological foods. In metamorphosis, if the larvae can not fully absorb the balanced nutrition, the body color will become black, commonly known as “Black Tsaiâ€. Such larvae have poor constitution and are easily infected with diseases.
(2) Water quality environmental monitoring. In order to effectively control the water quality of the cultivation ponds, water quality was measured every day at 8:00 and 5:00 pm, and the water temperature, salinity, pH value, and illumination were measured. The fry breeding water temperature should be controlled at 25-30 °C; salinity 25-32 ‰; pH 7.8-8.8; light 500-3000 m candela; dissolved oxygen 5.0 mg / l or more; hydrogen sulfide 0.01 mg / l or less; ammonia nitrogen 0.05 Below mg/l.
(3) bottom sweeping. One week after the fry is released, artificial siphoning methods are used in many countries, and automatic sweeping machines can also be used where conditions permit. Under normal circumstances, when only rotifers are fed, they are given once every 2-3 days; if they start feeding compound feeds, they should be taken at least every 2 days depending on the situation. The purpose of the bottom sweeping is to remove residual baits and fry corpses at the bottom of sedimentation tanks in order to maintain good water quality.
(4) change the water. Only one week in the initial period of cultivation can be added without change, and when the water level rises to the maximum limit of the nursery, the water changes. The amount of water exchanged on the first day was 20%, and the amount of water changed gradually as the growth of fish fry and water quality were measured.
(5) Sorting fry. After about one month of cultivation, the long spines of the dorsal fins and pelvic fins have shrunk, and the lateral lines appear, metamorphosing into juvenile fish. The shape of the fry is the same as that of adults. The total length is about 25 mm. At this time, because of the difference in the vigor of the fry, when the supply of palatability bait is insufficient, fry kills each other. Therefore, fish screening should be used in a timely manner to divide different types of fry into different pools in order to increase the survival rate.
In addition, managers should pay attention to observing the changes in feeding and activities of juveniles and juveniles, and take measures to deal with abnormalities in a timely manner.
Culture of grouper fry with cement ponds
1, the size and shape of the pool. The size of the pool is not particularly limited. It is generally between 10-50 cubic meters and the water depth is 1.2-1.5 meters. Too large inconvenience management; too small, the water quality is easy to change, unfavorable to the growth of fry. The shapes are mostly round and square, but the circular effect is better, so the square pool is generally rounded at right angles.