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Seed drying is the process of using hot air to force the moisture in the seed to fall below the safe moisture content to reduce mildew and ensure seed quality grade and germination rate.
1. Application status China's northeast and north China areas, in order to prevent the occurrence of seed freeze injury, seed drying process is more common, currently has nearly 100 sets of seed drying equipment (facilities), saving hundreds of millions of seeds. With the implementation of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan†seed project, seed drying equipment was also used in the southern Meiyu season. This technology is used in the process of natural drying can not meet the requirements of the state regulations, can be promoted throughout the country. During the seed harvest season, when the seed moisture exceeds 17%, the seeds must be dried using a drying process to reduce the grain moisture to no more than 13%. When the oil seed moisture exceeds 13%, the drying process is also used to reduce the oil seed moisture to no more than 9%. It ensures the quality of seeds, the speed of harvesting and the supply of seed markets.
2. Technology and Equipment
In order to ensure that the seed germination rate does not decrease, the maximum temperature of the hot air cannot exceed 43°C during the seed drying process. When the seed dries, whether the moisture in the seed can be effectively removed depends on the temperature, humidity (relative humidity) and speed of the air flow. At the permissible temperature, the lower the relative humidity of the air flow, the stronger the drying power; under a certain temperature and humidity conditions, the higher the air flow speed, the faster the drying speed, but the speed of the air flow cannot be increased indefinitely when the air speed is When it is too high, the moisture inside the seed will not spread to the surface. This will not only cause energy waste and increase the cost, but will also cause damage to the seeds due to excessive drying rate. The bud rate will decrease; within a certain range of humidity, the temperature of the air flow will increase. The higher the speed of drying and the faster the drying speed, the more pronounced the effect of temperature on the drying speed is.
According to the above drying principle, dryers can be divided into batch type and continuous type. Currently, continuous dryers are used more often. Continuous dryer can also
Divided into:
(l) Downstream
The direction of movement of the seeds and the hot air flow is the same. The characteristics are: the highest temperature contact with the seeds with the highest moisture content, high productivity, and lower temperature before the seeds are discharged.
(2) Counter-flow seeds and hot gas flow in the opposite direction. The characteristics are: the highest temperature is in contact with the seeds before discharge, and is not suitable for the drying of rice seeds.
(3) The cross-flow type refers to the intersection of the direction of movement of the seeds and the hot air flow, characterized by a simple structure and less prone to failure, but the unevenness of drying is large.
(4) The direction of flow between the mixed flow seeds and the hot gas flow includes both the forward flow, the reverse flow, and the cross flow. The advantage is that the drying effect is good, but the structure is complex and failures are likely to occur.
Before the seeds are dried, they are sampled for germination tests to determine the change in the germination rate during the drying of the seeds. The change in the germination rate must meet the current industry standards.
(B) Seed processing
Seed selection and processing is an important measure to improve seed quality, achieve seed industrialization, and improve the “triple rateâ€. The purpose of seed processing is to remove inert substances, immature, broken seeds, seeds and weed seeds that have been pest-infested in the seeds after harvest, to perform precise seeding according to the shape of the seeds, and to treat the seeds with chemicals. After the seed is selected and processed, the netness can be increased by 2%-5%, the 1000-grain weight can be increased by about 5g, the seed amount can be reduced by 10%-20%, and the yield can generally be increased by 4%-8%. The principle of seed processing is to process seeds according to their physical characteristics (width, thickness, length, etc.) and specific gravity. The selection of processing steps depends on the type of seed, the type of impurities, and the required seed quality standards.
1. Application status
In 1998, the total number of seeds processed in China reached 430,000 kg, and the area of ​​selected seeds was more than 63 million hm2, which was 2 million tons more than the previous year. The economic benefits are considerable. Seed selection processing is applicable nationwide.
2. Technology and Equipment
(1) Wind Screening Please use air separation and screening to remove large and small impurities and light impurities from the seeds so that the seeds are basically the same in width and thickness.
(2) Nested bowl cleaners use rollers with different diameters to remove impurities that are longer and shorter than seeds. Such as wheat seeds, oats, grass seeds, rice seeds and other rice grains.
(3) Gravity (Specific Gravity) Please send air and vibrating countertops, and after processing through the air screen sorter and the nest tube cleaner, those contained in seeds of almost the same size are not full and moldy. Insect mites and grains damaged by pests and diseases are removed to further improve seed quality.
(4) Seed classifier In order to meet the need for precision seeding of corn seeds, it is necessary to classify the selected seed by size.
(5) Seed Coating Machine
Seed coating is done inside the coating machine. Weighing and packing: Using measuring scales and packaging machines, according to the actual needs of production and operation, the seeds after processing and coating are weighed and packaged according to different specifications, and the varieties and cultivation instructions are attached to improve the commodity quality of the seeds. To complete the selection of seeds, according to the variety and quality requirements of the processing, design the process flow, select the appropriate equipment, form a production line, and process the length, width, thickness and specific gravity of the seeds. Therefore, the selection of seeds can only be achieved by using seed processing equipment to process the seeds; only using a single machine to process seeds can only clean the seeds and not achieve the purpose of selection. Therefore, we must guide farmers to purchase seeds that have been carefully processed and meet quality requirements.
(c) Cotton wool
The cotton seed dehairing refers to a process in which the cotton seed is mechanically stripped and the chemical fiber is used to remove the short fibers remaining on the cotton seed so that the content of the residual wool is reduced from 8%-10% to 1% or less.
1. Application status
After cotton fleece, it can not only save 70% of species, but also effectively prevent soil and plant diseases and insect pests. At present, the cotton seed bases of Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation, Jiangsu Agricultural Reclamation, and domestic large cotton seed specialties (Shumian, etc.) have adopted this technology. In 1998, the national amount of cotton seeds was 85 million kg, the area sown was 2.26 million hm2, and the output of cotton was 3 million tons. This technology currently uses the foam acid dehairing process and the excess dilute sulfuric acid degreasing process with a centrifuge.
Excessive dilute sulphuric acid degumming process with centrifuge is suitable for use under various climatic conditions, especially for equipment with large production capacity. Foam acid fluffing technology equipment has the characteristics of relatively small investment and easy promotion.
2. Key technologies
Foam acid defoaming process is mainly to use foaming agent to make dilute sulphuric acid foamed into foam acid, and then the foam acid is mixed with the cotton seed to be processed to chemically react to remove short linters. After taking off the short-staple cottonseeds, the residual acid content is ≤O. 15%. Excessive dilute sulfuric acid de-grow process is to input short-flocked cotton seeds into 8%-12% dilute sulphuric acid tank for soaking and stirring, so that all kinds of cotton linters are soaked in dilute sulphuric acid mixture and then soaked. The cotton seed centrifuge removes the excess acid mixture (recycled acid mixture can be reused after filtration), and the cotton seed from the centrifuge is dried in the drying cylinder. With the evaporation of moisture, the cotton seed in the drying drum is continuously concentrated with dilute sulfuric acid, and the lint becomes carbonized and becomes brittle. It falls off in the rotating friction, and then enters into the friction cylinder to perform friction and becomes light seed. This kind of process is easy to operate, with low material consumption, low energy consumption, low cost, stable quality of finished cotton seed, minimal residual fleece, low residual acidity, and no ammonia neutralization, which facilitates storage. The processing volume per hour is 1500-3000kg, suitable for mass commercial production.
(4) Seed coating technology
Seed coating refers to a layer of “cloths†containing insecticides, fungicides, compound fertilizers, trace elements, plant growth regulators, sustained-release agents, and film-forming agents on top of seeds. This coat is called Clothing agent. It is a new type of medicinal fertilizer compound product, which has obvious killing of underground pests and seedling pests, control of seed germs and root seedling diseases, and promotes Miao Qi, Miao Quan and Miao Zhuang.
1. Application Status The use of seed coating technology generally increases production by about 10%, reduces the amount of pesticides, reduces environmental pollution, facilitates mechanical operations, saves time and labor, saves seed use, and saves money. In 1998, the area covered by seeds reached 20 million hm2, an increase of 9 billion kg of grain from the previous year. At present, there are seed coating agents suitable for wheat, corn, cotton and other crops, which can be promoted throughout the country.
2. The key technology seed coating agent immediately after curing on the seed film, after the seed is sowed into the soil, the film can only absorb water and almost no dissolution (usually seed dressing agent or pesticide dissolved in water, medicine The effect decreases accordingly. It becomes a small drug storehouse that is slowly released from the ground. It is absorbed by the root system and transmitted to all parts of the seedling plants. The effective period is generally 40-60 days, which is 2-4 times longer than that of general soaking or seed dressing methods. . Seed coating agents can be divided into four categories according to their characteristics: physical type (pelletization), chemical type (medicine or fertilizer), biotype (hormone), and specific type (oxygen or water absorption). Seed coating agent can be divided according to the composition of the medicament contained therein
Two types: One is a single-dose type, which mainly consists of disease-resistant sterilized seed coating agents, insect-resistant insecticide seed coating agents, and water storage. Drought-resistant seed coating agents, etc.; the other is a complex seed coating agent, that is, pesticides, fungicides and trace elements, etc., are allocated together in a certain proportion, and at the same time, they play a role in disease prevention and pest management. Seed coating agents that promote crop growth. In addition to artificial methods, seed coating methods are mainly used for seed coating. At present, the moisture content of cereal seeds before coating is generally 12% to 14%. In the process of seed coating, it is necessary to coat the product more strictly than the drug species so as to avoid phytotoxicity or to achieve efficacy. The temperature of the seed coating workshop needs to be above 0°C. The seed coating agent can still be used within 2 years. The seed coating can be uniformly coated on the seed by means of atomization of the agent and auger (drum) stirring, and the film-forming time of the seed coating agent is 15 minutes.
Seed processing method
(—) Seed drying