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Non-pollution Control Measures of Diseases and Pests of Winter Dates
With the continuous expansion of winter jujube cultivation and the increasing number of planting years, the incidence of various diseases and pests has been rising year by year, posing a serious threat to the safety and sustainability of winter jujube production. Common diseases affecting winter jujubes include leaf spot, dry rot, fruit shriveling, date rust, and anthracnose, while common pests include the jujube fruit borer, jujube bud moth, jujube aphid, red spider mite, peach borer, cotton bollworm, and others. At present, chemical control remains the primary method for managing these issues. Although it helps temporarily suppress pest and disease outbreaks, it also harms beneficial organisms in the orchard, leading to secondary pest problems and increased reliance on chemical pesticides. This results in excessive pesticide residues in jujube products, which negatively impacts market competitiveness both domestically and internationally, as well as the income of farmers.
To address these challenges, pollution-free control measures are essential. These include:
**1. Agricultural Control**
Agricultural practices not only help manage pests and diseases but also promote healthy growth, ensuring high yield and quality without chemical contamination.
- **Use of non-toxic seedlings and proper planting density**: Select high-quality, disease-free seedlings with strong root systems. Ensure the orchard has clean air, water, and soil, with good drainage and adequate sunlight. Planting spacing should be 2m x 3m or 3m x 4m to avoid overcrowding, which can increase humidity and reduce light penetration, making trees more susceptible to disease.
- **Apply organic fertilizer**: Enhance soil fertility and tree resistance by applying 20–50 kg of organic manure per young tree and 2 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per 1 kg of winter jujube produced. Apply in autumn or early spring using ring or radial methods.
- **Scrape old bark and remove fallen leaves**: In autumn, scrape the old bark from trunks and branches and burn it to eliminate overwintering pests. Clear fallen leaves, weeds, and diseased fruits to reduce disease sources.
- **Deep plowing and watering**: Before winter, deeply till the soil to destroy pest pupae and then water thoroughly.
- **Use plastic film to prevent pests**: Cover the base of the tree with plastic film to block pests like the jujube fruit borer from emerging. Wrap the trunk with a 10 cm wide plastic strip to prevent egg-laying.
- **Thin flowers and fruits**: Maintain reasonable fruit load by thinning flowers and fruits based on tree vigor. A strong tree can bear one fruit per branch, while weaker ones should have fewer.
- **Prune properly**: Shape the tree into a sparse layered or free-spindle form, removing weak, overlapping, or inward-growing branches. Prune after budding to improve light exposure and reduce disease risk.
- **Tie grass on trunks**: In September, tie grass around the trunk to trap overwintering pests, then burn it before freezing.
- **Fertilize appropriately**: Apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers at different growth stages. Use foliar sprays to correct nutrient deficiencies, such as iron, calcium, and potassium.
- **Water and drain properly**: Avoid drought and flooding by managing irrigation and drainage, especially during rainy seasons to prevent pathogen spread.
**2. Biological Control**
Biological methods are crucial for reducing chemical dependency. For bacterial diseases, use agricultural streptomycin at 100–140 μ/ml. Fungal diseases can be managed with 600 times diluted antibiotic 120. For insect control, use avermectins (1500 times) or 520 for pests like locusts and red spiders. Introduce natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps to control lepidopteran pests and protect beneficial insects such as ants and frogs.
**3. Physical and Mechanical Control**
Manual removal of pests like jujube fruit borers and their eggs is effective. Use light traps, yellow sticky boards, and sweet-and-sour baits to attract and kill pests like cotton bollworms and whiteflies.
**4. Chemical Prevention**
When necessary, use environmentally friendly pesticides such as lime sulfur (3–5 degrees) or green shield feng (1000 times). Always follow safe application guidelines and avoid chemical use one month before harvest to ensure product safety.
By combining these integrated approaches, farmers can maintain healthy, productive winter jujube orchards while minimizing environmental impact and ensuring high-quality, marketable fruit.