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Grape disease resistant cultivation techniques
1. The species selection was based on observations of white varieties such as bananas, white linoleum, purple, Kyoho, Kangbier, Red Fuji, rose-rose, rattan, Beijing Jingjing, black tiger, rose, longan, and Riesling. In practice, differences in disease resistance among varieties are also seen. 1.1 Blackpox disease. In European and American hybrids, the disease is light. Kyoho, Pioneer, Red Fuji, Rose Dew, White Banana, Jin Hou, Black Olin, 8611, 8612, Xia Hei, Xim Lao Te, Jing Ya, Hei Hu Xiang, Zao Gao Mo, Gui Ren Xiang, Hei Feng, Kang Bayer and other varieties were more disease-resistant; small red roses, Italians, roses, new roses, and vineyard queens were moderately susceptible; longan, seedless white, seedless, and large-grained whites were very sick. 1.2 Anthrax. In Europe and Asia, the prevalence of susceptibility to disease is widespread and the disease is heavy. Early-maturing varieties have a certain resistance to disease. Non-nuclear white, Riesling, black rare, longan, rose, chicken heart, milk grapes and other species are more severe; early birth Gaomo, black Olin, Longbao, crystal, red Fuji and other varieties are lighter; 8612, 8611 Xia and Xie, Ximlaut, Jingya, Jingyou, Jinchao, Heifeng, Pioneer, Kyoho, Fujino, Kangbaer, and Jifeng 18 have certain resistance. 1.3 Downy mildew. White bananas and rose aromas are moderately susceptible varieties; 8612, 8611, Xiahe, Ximlauute, Jingya, Heilin, Red Fuji, Heifeng, Rose, Longbao, Pioneer, Jufeng and other species Degree of disease resistance; Kangbeier, North alcohol for high resistance varieties. 1.4 White rot. In Europe and Asia, it is susceptible to disease, European and American varieties are more resistant to disease; rose fragrance series, longan and other varieties are moderately susceptible. 1.5 Others. European and Asian species are more resistant to rust than European and American species. Kyoho, Pioneer, Black Olin, and Kangbaer were very ill; Beibei and Kangbier were born early; White bananas were moderately susceptible; Red Fuji and Rosen were more resistant to rust. Powdery mildew; Black Hami is heavier, with rose aromas and gold lighter. 2. Land selection and soil preparation and land reforming Grapes are perennial vines and are grown on sunny, open terrain, high dryness, unimpeded air, easy irrigation and drainage, loose soil, and good water permeability in sandy loam or on high-organic stony loam soils. The disease is lighter. Gully or paddy field grape varieties, if not raise the surface, open drainage system, its many diseases, and the incidence of heavy. Vitis cultivars are lighter on the slopes of 5 to 20 degrees than the plains, and the 15 degree slopes are the most suitable. Different slopes, the light, humidity; heat, air volume is also different, there are differences in the severity of the disease. In general, the southern slope, the southeast slope and the southwest slope are lighter, the north slope, the northeast slope, and the northwest slope are relatively cold, with high humidity and heavy sensation. After many years of observation, it was found that the grape planting direction has a greater relationship with the severity of the disease. Generally speaking, it is considered that the north-south direction is better, but in the hilly areas, the terrain is often constrained by the terrain, so that the north-south direction is not ventilated. Therefore, according to the characteristics of the local microclimate, identify the wind direction from May to July in the planting area, determine the planting direction along the wind direction, so as to facilitate ventilation and reduce the humidity in the garden, which will help reduce the disease. At the same time, the cultivation of deep ditch sorghum is also an important measure to reduce the humidity in the garden. 3. Properly expanding the line spacing and improving the result site after many years of observation believe that the incidence of lighter fence cultivation, single-arm fence and the incidence of lighter than the double-arm fence. At the same time, planting grapes in high temperature and humidity areas in the south should be appropriately expanded. It is generally considered that the row spacing is equal to the rack height, but the author thinks that the height of the fence can be controlled at 1.0-2.2 meters, and the row spacing can not be less than 1.7 meters, and it is better to be 2.0 meters or more. Otherwise, the grapes will have poor permeability in the row. weight. It has also been observed that the occurrence of grape diseases is most important in the lower part of the fence. For example, most of the diseases of white rot are distributed on the ear below 40 cm (80% of the total number of diseased ear); Anthracnose, etc. The proportion of diseased ear below 80 cm from the ground is also 60% - 80%, therefore, improving the result area is an important measure to reduce the disease. The position of the ear was controlled at 90-120 cm. The position of the shoot was adjusted to 110-150 cm. The height of the fence was not more than 200 cm. 4. The dense planting of branches and branches and the control of the growth of grape plants with different buddings vary with different varieties. In order to reduce the disease, the principle of maintaining the golden mean tree should be used for pruning. In order to increase production in the early stage in production, more dense planting is used. This is beyond reproach. Such as "close to the air," three to five years, there will be "unity and serious diseases," the unfavorable phenomenon, many vineyards thus ruin the garden. Therefore, once the purpose of dense planting is reached, the strains should be immediately sparse, and a reasonable shoot density should be maintained. The branching density of the southern cultivated grapes should be 10%-20% lower than in the North. In order to keep cultivating vines, we must adhere to the principle of "dense vines cannot be densely covered, dense vines cannot be dense (winter shoots remain)". After each plant stays single-headed and the plant expansion is expanded, it is gradually expanded from single plant to 2-3 vine or 3-4 vine, and the amount of excised buds in the 3rd year after planting should not exceed 10 000/mu. . For example, after the third year, the number of buds per plant was 40, and the number of plants retained after the third year was 250 plants/mu. If the planting time is 2 meters by 0.5 meters and the planting rate is 666 per acre, the survival rate is 90% and there are about 600 plants. Then, in the third year of autumn, more than 350 strains should be removed. The work of sparse crops is mainly carried out in the 3rd to 5th year after planting. The amount of spawning can be calculated according to the above method every year. After the 5th year, the amount of plants can be determined, but it is necessary to proceed with the renewal work. In addition, in order to effectively control the number of shoots, we must strengthen the summer pruning, the main tip many times to pick up the heart, to thicken the main vine, leaving 1-2 leaves on the axillary repeatedly topping, early useless use of the auxiliary tip. 5. Increasing the content of organic matter and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer After investigation, it is considered that grape growing on soils with an organic content of more than 2% can show strong tree vigor, strong disease resistance, high yield, and good quality; it is only in the interest of producing high-quality grapes. There are few gardens that achieve this standard in large-scale production. In order to increase production, chemical fertilizer is often used as a means. As a result, many vineyards cause excessive nitrogen application, which in turn aggravates the hazards of downy mildew and blackpox. Therefore, increasing soil organic matter content and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an effective way to prevent disease and resist diseases. 6. Pay attention to soil drainage, reduce the humidity of the garden in the April-August grape growth period, should pay attention to drainage at any time, keep the drainage channel open. At the same time, the drainage ditch should have a gradient of no less than 5%. According to the size of the garden, drainage ditches can be established at grades 1 to 3 in order to achieve the principle of no clear water in the ditch after the rain stops. Such as long-term waterlogging in the ditch, the park's humidity, it is easy to feel sick or aggravate the disease. 7. Strengthen the winter clearing garden, pay attention to the garden sanitation before entering the winter, litter, pests, branches, fruit ear, diseased plant residues and other debris cleared in the park outside the concentrated burning, the soil disinfection, deep turning. Disinfection method: Use 50% Fuling 1 part, 1 part of sulfur powder, and 2 parts of calcium carbonate to spray the ground uniformly. The dosage is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu. In the growing season, the diseased fruits, diseased leaves and diseased vines should be removed in time with pruning, and burned in a concentrated manner. 8. Targeted, timely application of pesticides should be based on the law of occurrence of disease, targeted, timely application of pesticides. In the production, it sprays Boshi 3 to 5 degrees lime sulfur before germination, and sprays Kobo or Dasheng, Mildew, Xiansheng, Fuxing, etc. twice after spraying leaves (average 3 leaves). - Once in 8 days, control the initial infection. At the onset of disease, it is generally controlled by pesticides such as Dasheng, Ruijin, or Xifeng, Lingneng, Ruiduling. An important reason for the prevention and control of grape disease in the southern region is that it is rainy in May-June and the drug efficacy is difficult to exert. According to tests, protective agents (such as Cobo, Daisen, chlorothalonil, bacteriocin, etc.) were sprayed before the rain and immediately after the rain, the therapeutic agents with strong absorbability (such as Fuxing, Shigao, and Candolin, etc.) were sprayed. Xiansheng, Xiaofengling, etc.), the effect is ideal. Medications should be used interchangeably, in particular, the continuous use of the system must not exceed two times.