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Comprehensive prevention of physical diseases
枇æ·Because the peel is thin and the pulp is tender and juicy, it is easy to produce fruit cracks, wilting, sunburn and other physiological diseases during fruit enlargement and maturity, and the fruit rate in some orchards is about 50%, which seriously affects the food value and commodities of alfalfa. rate. In recent years, we have conducted field investigations on the cracking, wilting, and scorching of earthworms and adopted corresponding preventive measures. First, the relationship between fruit cracking, wilting, sunburn and cultivation conditions After investigations in a number of orchards, the occurrence of disease is mainly related to the following factors. 1, varieties. The thin variety is easy to crack and wilting. The long fruit is easier to crack than the round fruit. The white meat is easier to crack than the red meat. 2, the garden. Peach gardens with poor soil quality, poor drainage, and low topography are prone to cracking; soils are shallow and thin, and soils that are leaky and leaky, such as sandy soil and Shiguzi soil gardens, are prone to drought. If the irrigation conditions are poor, wilting and sunburn are likely to occur; Good, deep soil, rich organic matter, sandy loam that retains water and fertilizer, and a convenient garden for irrigation and drainage, where cracking, wilting, and sunburn occur. 3. Climate. Before and after May (because of different varieties, the time is early or late), the yellowish fruit in the fruit enlargement period is prone to cause a large number of fruit cracks in case of drought or heavy rainfall in the early drought, and the fruit is cracked in the normal year of rainwater or timely balanced irrigation. less. When the fruit matures, it is exposed to high temperature and drought. The temperature of the fruit surface is easily increased, and the water supply is insufficient. It is likely to cause wilting and sunburn. It is basically a high temperature after 2-3 days. It occurs in large quantities after the sunny day. reverse. The stronger the sunshine, the more serious the wilting and sunburn occur. 4, Shushi. Saplings or early fruit trees and orchards with partial nitrogen fertilization, vigorous growth of tree vigor and new shoots, little fruit, and branches growing upright, easily cracked; while the tree vigor is weaker, branches and leaves are smaller, and the fruit amount is more. Smaller than that, it is easy to cause wilting and sunburn. The moderate tree vigor, good management conditions, sparse fruit thinning and appropriate fertilizer and water management, thick green leaves, fruiting amount, nutritional balance, moderate leaf-fruit ratio, the occurrence of mild disease. 5, fruit placement. Dehiscence mainly occurs in the upper and outer parts of the crown. The erect branch is more prone to cracking than the pendent branch or horizontal branch. The wilting and sun-burning fruit also occur mainly on the peripheral branches that are exposed to direct sunlight. There are fewer internal hemorrhoids, and the auxiliary tip is more prone to occur than the central branch. . The cracking fruit mainly occurs in the fruit enlargement period, and the long fruit is easier to crack than the round fruit. The wilting and sunburning fruit mainly occurred in the fruit ripening period, the over ripe fruit wilted easily, and the fruits with late turning and low ripeness were also easy to wilt, and the small fruit was easier to wilt than the big fruit. 6, field management. Severe pests and diseases, poor management of fertilizers and waters, such as those affected by gray leaf spot, brown spot disease, pear borer, yellow caterpillar, etc., have a higher incidence of disease; good fertilizer and water management, thorough prevention and control of pests, and soil Covered orchards, the incidence of disease is low. Second, prevent methods 1, species selection. Red meat pupa generally grow stronger, easy to cultivate, high yield, thick flesh, thick flesh, resistant to storage and transportation; white flesh generally weak growth, thin skin, fine flesh, good quality, but the cultivation is difficult, low yield, easy The result of annual size and size is easy to crack. 2, the choice of garden. Choose sandy loam with deep soil and convenient drainage and irrigation. For example, in Shijianzi soil or sand soil where the soil is shallow, the ground should be blasted to loosen the ground, dig large holes, apply organic manure, and mix it with river mud. The soil with heavy soil is properly mixed with river sand to improve the soil structure. 3, fertilizer and water management. Balanced moisture management is the key to preventing cracking and wilting sunburn. While strengthening fertilizer and water management, it is possible to apply top-dressing fertilizer once during the rapid expansion period of young fruit in April, and it is better to use quick-acting fertilizers, and it is also possible to carry out extra-root top-dressing 1-2 times with 0.3% urea and 1%-2% superphosphate. Leachate or 0.3% urea + 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate spray; When high temperature and drought, water can be sprayed on the crown to protect the fruit. Soil fertilization should pay attention to controlling nitrogen fertilizer, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and organic fertilizers. 4, soil management and pest control. The root system is weaker than other fruit trees, and its absorptive capacity is limited, which easily leads to the imbalance of water nutrients. The ploughed orchard is easy to aggravate the physiological disease of the fruit. Therefore, the soil should be covered, and it can be covered with straw or green manure between the rows in the tree tray. Deep application of fertilizers, do a good job in cultivating, keep soil loose, pay attention to pest control, cultivate strong roots and strong tree vigor. The control of gray spot and brown spot can be 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500-600 times solution. The control of yellow caterpillars and pear malnutrites can be used as 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times respectively. And to kill the 1000 times sputum pine spray. 5. Thinning and thinning fruit. The wilting of crickets occurs mainly in the trees of a large number of results. Thinning and fruit thinning can effectively regulate the amount of hanging fruit in the tree, maintain a reasonable ratio of vegetative shoots and fruiting branches, balance the tree potential, form three-dimensional results, maintain a thick green leaf layer, prevent fruits from being exposed on the periphery of the canopy in direct sunlight, and make fruits Mature and neat, improve quality. Thinning and fruit thinning includes flowering spikes, sparse buds, and fruit thinning, and the ratio of shoots to vegetative shoots remains between 2:3 or 1:1. When the fruit is thinned, it should be selected to retain the fruit with a large central swelling, dark green color, and a slightly round fruit. This type of fruit has many seeds, and it will develop into a large fruit in the future and it will not be susceptible to wilting. 6, fruit bagging. Fruit bagging can effectively prevent wilting, sunburn and cracking. Bagging can also prevent bird damage, prevent the loss of fruit and fruit powder, prevent the damage of pear fruit borer, fruit sucking fruitworm and gray spot disease, promote fruit enlargement, improve the appearance quality, and reduce cracking and sunburn phenomenon after sudden rain. Fruit bags can be made with newspapers, and kraft paper or sulphuric acid papers are better. The bagging time is carried out after the last fruit thinning. The sooner the better, the big fruit is a fruit and a bag, and the small fruit is a panicle and a bag. Bagging should start with the top of the tree. The mouth of the bag is tied with a string or clipped with a paper clip. Bags are generally rectangular, 25-35 cm long, 15-25 cm wide, cut the top two corners of the bag to facilitate breathable observation. When the fruit without bagging is exposed to high temperature and strong sunlight during ripening, it can be temporarily covered with a leaf on the surface of the ear to block the sun, and it can also reduce sunburn and wilting. 7, timely harvest. The sugar and acid vary greatly during maturation, and maturation is extremely irregular. The pods of the same species, the same tree, or the same ear are different in ripening period. The overripe pods are easy to wilt, and the fruit growers say that they are “one sample a dayâ€, that is, a large number of wilting fruits occur every day during ripening, and they change greatly. Therefore, ripe fruits must be harvested in batches and in batches in a timely manner to prevent wilting of the harvested fruits, reduce the burden on the tree, and reduce the wilting and sunburn of the trees. Fruits that have already cracked or wilted and sunburned on the tree should be cut off in time to reduce the burden on the tree. Once the above physiological disease of fruits occurs, it is difficult to reverse even when watering or shading. Therefore, we should adhere to the principle of "prevention first," and adopt comprehensive technical measures to control cracking and wilting and sunburn to a minimum.