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The Management Technology of Jujube Garden in the Late Autumn and Early Winter
Before the onset of winter, it's essential to clean the jujube garden thoroughly. Remove fallen leaves, diseased fruits, weeds, and other debris from the area. These materials should be collected and burned to destroy overwintering pathogens, fungal spores, and insect eggs. This practice helps reduce the risk of disease outbreaks in the following growing season.
Next, plow the garden to improve soil aeration and disrupt the life cycle of pests. For jujube trees intercropped with grains, deeply till the soil between the plants and under the canopy. If no intercropping is done, the entire garden should be plowed, especially the area beneath the tree canopy. The depth of plowing should decrease as you get closer to the trunk—typically 15-30 cm deep. This technique helps expose and freeze overwintering insects and their eggs, reducing pest damage from species like the jujube fruit borer, red spider, beetles, and others.
Apply base fertilizer after the harvest and before the leaves fall, usually around mid to early October. For young trees, apply 30-80 kg of organic fertilizer along with 0.2-0.4 kg of urea and 0.5-1.0 kg of superphosphate. Mature trees require more: 100-200 kg of organic fertilizer, 0.4-0.8 kg of urea, and 1.0-2.5 kg of superphosphate. This ensures proper nutrition for the coming season.
Winter pruning is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive jujube tree. Proper pruning improves air circulation, light penetration, and nutrient distribution, leading to better yields and higher quality fruit. There are three main stages of pruning:
1. **Initial Pruning (Early Growth Stage):** At this stage, the tree's crown is not fully formed, and vegetative growth is dominant. Focus on creating a strong framework by keeping well-developed branches and removing weak or crowded ones. Follow the "four stays and five don’ts" principle to guide your cuts.
2. **Full Fruit Period Pruning:** When the canopy is established, focus on opening up the tree structure to allow better light penetration. Remove crossing, inward-growing, or weak branches to prevent shading and encourage fruiting on the outer parts of the tree.
3. **Pruning Old Trees:** As trees age, their productivity declines. Renewal pruning is necessary to rejuvenate the tree. Depending on the number of effective fruiting branches (live stocks), decide the extent of renewal. For trees with 300-500 live stocks, cut back 1/2-2/3 of the branch length. For those with 500-1000, prune 1/4-1/3. And for trees with 1000-1500, perform light renewal by cutting 1/7-1/5 of the branch length.
Removing old bark is another important step. Many pests, such as the jujube armyworm and red spider, overwinter in the crevices of the tree bark. Scraping off the old bark in winter helps eliminate these pests effectively.
Finally, implement pest and disease control measures. Before winter or during early spring, spray the entire orchard with a 3-5 degree lime sulfur solution to kill overwintering pathogens and pests. For severe infestations, use brushing or scraping methods. Water sprays can also help control pests, and when ice forms, tapping the trunks can dislodge pests. Combining these techniques ensures effective pest management and protects the jujube trees for the next growing season.
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