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1. Soil has low fertility, low fertilization, and high soil nutrient consumption
Current results Apple orchards are mostly thin soil layer, low fertility, low soil organic matter content, shallow roots of fruit trees, easily affected by changes in humidity and temperature, short root life, and slow tree growth, shoot growth Small, thin branches, thin buds, can not form flower buds.
In the low-yield garden, because the tree hole has not been improved or deep-ripened, only 20-30 cm of soil on the surface layer is soft, and the lower layer is raw soil lacking fertilizer and less gas, the root growth is limited, the absorption function is low, and the tree growth is needed. Nutrients, water supply, tree growth are poor, flower bud formation is low, and yield is not high.
Fruit trees grow in one place for many years. They need branches, leaves, blossoms, and fruits every year. The nutrients they need are mainly from the soil, they are not often supplemented, the land is becoming poorer, and the low-yielding orchards are often not fertilized for many years, or Only a few years before the application of fertilizer, far from making up for the consumption of nutrients by fruit trees, and some orchards rely solely on chemical fertilizers, do not apply organic fertilizer, resulting in soil compaction, fertilizer effect can not be sustained, not in water, fertilizer, gas, heat Under the conditions of coordination, the root system is underdeveloped and the tree length is not good, resulting in less results and lower yield.
2, improper trimming, tree structure disorders
A good tree structure is the basis for high yields. When pruning, treat all kinds of branches in the tree according to the principle of pruning, because the tree is trimmed and the branches are shaped. To achieve "a lot of light is not dense, open the backbone of the angle of the prison, strong branches, crown plump, high stable tree yield." However, most of the orchards did not follow the principle of pruning, resulting in a tree-like disorder. The performance is as follows.
(1) Even young people are slow to put more whip sticks, the main and sub-times are not clear, the branches are tight, and they are not airy and light-transmitting. (2) The trees are tall, the big branches are too much, and the branchlets are not weak. (3) The low-yielding trees are too dry, the upper branches and the extension branches grow vigorously, and when the pruning is performed, the branches are heavy, the short cuts are heavy, the retraction is too rapid, and the whole tree is broken. (4) Extensive pruning, only cutting large branches without cutting branchlets, although there are not many large branches, but the branches are crowded, invalid branches, tree vigor.
3, pest control can not keep up with the early decline of the tree
Low-yield gardens lack systemic control measures against pests and diseases, or they are not controlled in time. The leaves are damaged by red spiders, leaf roller insects, aphids, leaf leaf moths, leaf roller moths, and early defoliation diseases. They cannot keep the leaves year after year and cut off nutrition sources. Become an important reason for low yield.
Second, the measures to transform the low-yield garden
Because the main reason of low yield is low soil fertility and extensive management, the transformation of low-yield gardens should start from improving soil fertility and strengthening tree management. The following measures can be taken:
1, deep turning to improve soil, increase organic fertilizer
The roots of apple trees are mainly distributed in soil layers of 20-60 cm. There are also a few root systems at 60-80 cm. There are few root systems below 80 cm. Therefore, the soil of an apple orchard must be at least 80 centimeters thick, and there is generally no deep-improved soil. Live soil does not exceed 25-30 centimeters. Deep plunge can increase the pores in the soil, speed up gas exchange in the soil, and create conditions for microbial activity in the soil. Soil ventilation conditions improve later. It can speed up the decomposition of existing nutrients and make the elements that cannot be absorbed and utilized by the root system become available. In addition, increasing the soil after the pores can also increase the water storage capacity of the soil and can store more rainwater, but the effect of simple deep turning cannot be sustained. In order to consolidate the deep turning effect, deep turning should be combined with organic fertilizer and crops. Straw. After the straw and the organic fertilizer rot, colloid clay particles can be produced, so that the soil forms a granule structure and becomes a lasting structural soil with fertility. In combination with deep-turning and soil improvement, 6.6 million square meters of organic fertilizer and 5,000 kg of agricultural straw are mixed and 50-100 kg of superphosphate are mixed.
2, adjust the tree structure, fine pruning
Most existing low-yield gardens are sparsely planted and crowned varieties, and the main use is sparse layered trunks. The height of the trunk is about 60 cm, the height of the tree is 4-5 meters, and the main branch of the tree is 5-6 pieces. It is arranged in three layers. There are 3 main branches, 2 main branches and 2 main branches, and 3 large branches. The branches were cultured with 3 lateral branches and 1-2 lateral branches of the main branch of the second layer. The distance between the first layer and the second layer was 80 cm and the second layer was about 60 cm in the third layer. The entire tree structure was mainly the main side; the angle was opened. The skeleton is firm, and the crown is oblate, resulting in large and small internal and external results. The standard structure of this tree can be described as: "The main side is less clear from the side, the outside is thin and the inside is beautiful, the shelves are large, the branches are not touched, the training team is working hard, and the big outside is small. The canopy has a wavy appearance and the sun shines on the plum blossom."
When adjusting the tree structure of low-yield trees, the above requirements can be used to rejuvenate the branches, stabilise the tree potential, and remove excess large branches to improve the light conditions of the tree.
(1) Be happy and control the height of the tree: Remove the top of the trunk and open the light path so that sunlight can enter the tree from the top. A vessel is removed from the main branch above the third layer in the extension.
(2) To eliminate excessive branches: First, remove the branches that have an impact on the permanent main technique. The whip shafts that are slowly laid for successive years can be properly removed or retracted so that the branches and branches do not touch each other. Have their own space.
(3) Open the layer to ask the light path: There should be a certain distance between the two layers for ventilation and light transmission. The specific measures for opening the inter-layer optical path are to open the main branch and to eliminate the oversized branch that grows upright on the back.
(4) Adjusting the rejuvenation result Zhizu group: Low yield trees Due to poor light, the pruning technique is unreasonable. Most branches are scattered, slender, and there are many weak branches in the branches. When adjusting, the requirements for cultivating a branch can be adjusted by about 20 cm. Cut off the weak branches in the stick group and concentrate the nutrients. Provide strong buds to improve the results of the team.
After the above adjustment measures, the tree potential is stable, the skeleton is firm, the branches are compact and robust, the trees are ventilated and light-transmitting, and the fertilizing water and tree protection are added. The low-yielding trees can increase yields stably.
3, timely control of pests and diseases
Timely prevention and control of pests and diseases is an important task in cultivation and management. All localities should make predictions based on the local occurrence of pests and diseases, adopt appropriate prevention and control measures, protect the leaves and preserve fruits, and ensure a bumper harvest.
Prevention and control of red spiders, can live 3 key moments, before spraying 5 degrees lime sulfur before germination, 1 week after flowering, spraying 1 degree of Baume sulfur sulfur 0.3%, before wheat harvest (May 25 or so ) Spray 2500 times the net to kill or destroy the fruit, Nisuo Lang and so on. The control of leafhoppers and leafhoppers can be achieved in the early May, early June and early July. The effect of 25% diflubenzuron III is ideal.
In the prevention and control of other pests and diseases, the first is to grasp the law of the occurrence of pests and diseases, and timely spraying protection; the second is to improve the quality of spraying, so that medication is accurate, appropriate concentration, sufficient dose, uniform spray.
Causes of Apple's Low Production and Countermeasures
I. Causes of Low Yield in Orchards