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Osmanthus breeding techniques and pest control

Osmanthus fragrans is a distinctive and cherished plant species in Chinese gardens. It is often integrated into landscapes by pairing it with buildings, hills, and rocks. Clusters of this fragrant shrub are commonly planted near pavilions, houses, and in parks, where they are either scattered or grouped to enhance the aesthetic appeal. First, let's explore the techniques for propagating Osmanthus seedlings. The most common methods include cutting, layering, grafting, and sowing, with cuttings being the preferred choice. Cutting is typically done between June and July or from September to October. The ideal medium is sandy loam, and semi-ripe branches from the current year are used, especially the top shoots. After planting, it's crucial to provide shade, regular watering, and proper fertilization. Rooting usually begins within 20 days, and full rooting can be achieved in 30–40 days. In winter, protection against cold is essential. By the following year, the seedlings can reach about 30 cm in height. Layering is another effective propagation method, divided into high-layering (air layering) and ground-layering. These can be performed throughout the year, but high-layering is best done in early April, while ground-layering is suitable during the first half of April or the rainy season. Wounding or ring-barking the stems helps promote root formation, and after one year, the layers can be separated from the parent plant. The buried part should be around 4–5 cm deep, and the bent branches in the soil tend to root better. Grafting is carried out between March and April. Common rootstocks include *Ligustrum obtusifolium* and *Ligustrum lucidum*. Techniques such as branch grafting, cutting grafting, splicing, and docking are used. When grafting, it’s important to keep the scion moist. The grafting interface should be as low as possible, and the rootstock should be cut 3 cm above the ground. After wrapping the graft area with soil, the scion can develop its own roots, increasing the survival rate. Sowing is usually done in winter or early spring. Seeds are drilled with spacing of 15–20 cm, and approximately 30–40 seeds per meter are sown. The recommended seeding rate is 8–10 kg per acre. The seeds are covered with humus or fire soil, about 1.5 cm thick, and then mulched. Germination typically starts 40–50 days after sowing and lasts 50–60 days. Seedlings may not germinate uniformly. From July to September, when they grow vigorously, additional fertilizer and drought protection are necessary. Seedlings that reach over 30 cm in height can be transplanted out of the nursery. When transplanting seedlings, it's important to maintain the integrity of the root system and plant them as soon as they emerge. If long-distance transportation is needed, moisture must be preserved. Next, pest and disease control is essential for healthy growth. Common pests and diseases include: 1. Scale insects: Control methods involve scraping overwintering pests during pruning, spraying 5% oil emulsion or 5-degree lime sulfur before bud break, and applying malathion 1000 times or 25% imidacloprid 1000 times when the scale insects first appear. 2. Red spider mites: These pests feed on buds, leaves, and flowers, causing damage such as dry buds and yellowing or withering of foliage. Spraying 3–5° Baum’s lime sulfur before sprouting or 0.3–0.5° Baum’s lime sulfur before flowering can help control them. 3. Leaf spot disease: This affects the leaves, leading to severe leaf loss, especially under high temperature and humidity. Before flowering in June and July, spray 80% mancozeb WP at a rate of 0.5 kg per 250–300 kg of water. During the growing season, a 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture can be used as needed. 4. Rot disease: This affects the trunk and large branches. Prevention involves proper fertilization and irrigation to strengthen the tree. Early detection and treatment in spring and autumn are critical. Scraping the affected area and applying a 5-degree lime sulfur mixture improves effectiveness.

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